《云南植物志》|| 泥炭藓科 Sphagnaceae ||泥炭藓属 Sphagnum L. ||泥炭藓 (原亚种) Sphagnum palustre L. ssp. palustre

17a.泥炭藓（原亚种）图版9: 1—6
Sphagnum palustre L. ssp. palustre
植物体黄绿色或灰绿色，有时略带棕色或淡红色。茎直立，皮部具3细胞层，表皮细胞具螺纹，每个细胞上具3—9水孔，中轴黄棕色。茎叶阔舌形，长1—2毫米，基部宽0.8—0.9毫米，上部边缘细胞有时全部无色，形成阔分化边缘；无色细胞往往具分隔，稀具螺纹和水孔如枝叶。枝丛3—5枝，其中2—3强枝，多向倾立。枝叶阔圆形，长约2毫米，宽1.5—1.8毫米，内凹，先端边内卷；无色细胞具中央大形圆孔，背面具半圆形边孔及角隅对孔；绿色细胞在枝叶横切面中呈狭等腰三角形，或狭梯形，偏于叶片腹面，背面完全为无色细胞所包被，或稍裸露。雌雄异株，雄枝黄色或淡红色。雌苞叶阔卵形，长约5毫米，宽2.5—3毫米，叶缘具分化边，下部中间纯为狭形无色细胞，无螺纹及水孔；上部具两种细胞，无色细胞密被螺纹及水孔与枝叶同。孢子呈赭黄色，直径28—33微米。
产大关、彝良、昭通、镇雄、贡山、福贡、大理、漾濞、景东、新平、景谷、腾冲、梁河等地；海拔2000—3000米以上地区多有生长。黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、安徽、浙江、湖南、江西、四川、贵州、福建、台湾、广东及西藏等地均有分布。广布于日本、俄罗斯（萨哈林岛、西伯利亚）、菲律宾、印度尼西亚、泰国、印度、锡金、不丹、尼泊尔、欧洲、北美洲、南美洲、大洋洲。
在世界泥炭藓属植物中，本种为分布最广且较习见之种，C. Warnstorf （1911年）曾就本种植物中植株外观的不同色泽分为多个变种，又据其形体大小等之分化，分为多个变型，但据作者多年来对中国泥炭藓属的研究，尤以通过在我国南北各地多次野外考察，对本种大量活植物及干标本的对比研究，观察到色泽及大小的变化往往随生境而异，过渡类型甚多，若用于鉴定变种及变型则难于划分，故不足为据。但若从分布区之不同，以及植株外形、叶片及细胞形态的差异等等不同特征考虑，则明显可分为2个亚种。

《云南植物志》|| 泥炭藓科 Sphagnaceae ||泥炭藓属 Sphagnum L. ||泥炭藓密枝 (亚种) Sphagnum palustre L. ssp. pseudocymbifolium (C. Muell.) A. Eddy

17b.泥炭藓密枝（亚种）图版9: 7—10
拟大泥炭藓
Sphagnum palustre L. ssp. pseudocymbifolium (C. Muell.) A. Eddy, (1977); X. J. Li et al. (1985, 1994); T. S. Liu et al. (1981); C. M. Kuo et al. (1987a); S. H. Lin (1988). X. J. Li in C. Gao (1994).
Sphagnum pseudo-cymbifolium C. Muell. (1874); V. F. Brotherus in Hand. -Mazz. (1929a); P. C. Chen et Lee (X. J. Li) (1956); P. C. Chen et al. (1965); X. J. Li Editor (1985); C. M. Kuo et al. (1987a); B. G. Zhang et al. (1989); S. assamicum C. Muell. (1887); S. palustre L. (fide Iwatsuki 1991).
本亚种与原亚种之主要区别在于：茎枝较短而粗壮，枝丛在茎上密集丛生；枝叶绿色细胞在叶横切面观呈等边三角形，背面全为无色细胞所包被，腹面观绿色细胞则较宽大；就其分布区观之，泥炭藓原亚种几为世界泛生种，而密枝亚种则仅分布于中国长江以南地区，且主要分布在中国西南高原地区及喜马拉雅东南部，故可见密枝亚种可能为泥炭藓适应中国-喜马拉雅地区环境而形成之亚种。
产大关、彝良、贡山、福贡、丽江、昆明、安宁、文山、西畴、景洪、勐腊等地；在海拔500—2000米地区均可生长，多生于沟边水草地上、沼泽地以及潮湿林地。安徽、浙江、江西、四川、贵州、福建、台湾、西藏等省区均有分布。分布于锡金、不丹、尼泊尔、印度东北部（阿萨姆）及泰国。　

《云南植物志》|| 泥炭藓科 Sphagnaceae ||泥炭藓属 Sphagnum L. ||泥炭藓 Sphagnum palustre L.

17.泥炭藓
大泥炭藓
Sphagnum palustre L. (1753); V. F. Brotherus (1901a, 1929); H. Reimers (1931); P. C. Chen et S. C. Lee (X. J. Li) (1956); M. J. Lai et al. (1976); C. Gao et al. (1983). X. J. Li in C. Gao (1994).
Sphagnum obtusifolium Ehrh. (1780); S. cymbifolium Ehrh. (1780); C. Warnstorf (1911); P. C. Chen et S. C. Lee (X. J. Li), (1956); P. C. Chen et al. (1963). S. cymbifolium (Ehrh.) Hedw. (1782); H. Reimers (1931); P. T. Tchen (1936); P. C. Chen et S. C. Lee (X. J. Li), (1956); B. G. Zhang et al. (1989); Y. F. Zheng (1989).
植物体黄绿色或灰绿色，有时略带棕色或淡红色。茎直立，皮部具3细胞层，表皮细胞具螺纹，每个细胞上具3—9水孔，中轴黄棕色。茎叶阔舌形，长1—2毫米，基部宽0.8—0.9毫米，上部边缘细胞有时全部无色，形成阔分化边缘；无色细胞往往具分隔，稀具螺纹和水孔如枝叶。枝丛3—5枝，其中2—3强枝，多向倾立。枝叶阔圆形，长约2毫米，宽1.5—1.8毫米，内凹，先端边内卷；无色细胞具中央大形圆孔，背面具半圆形边孔及角隅对孔；绿色细胞在枝叶横切面中呈狭等腰三角形，或狭梯形，偏于叶片腹面，背面完全为无色细胞所包被，或稍裸露。雌雄异株，雄枝黄色或淡红色。雌苞叶阔卵形，长约5毫米，宽2.5—3毫米，叶缘具分化边，下部中间纯为狭形无色细胞，无螺纹及水孔；上部具两种细胞，无色细胞密被螺纹及水孔与枝叶同。孢子呈赭黄色，直径28—33微米。
产大关、彝良、昭通、镇雄、贡山、福贡、大理、漾濞、景东、新平、景谷、腾冲、梁河等地；海拔2000—3000米以上地区多有生长。黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、安徽、浙江、湖南、江西、四川、贵州、福建、台湾、广东及西藏等地均有分布。广布于日本、俄罗斯（萨哈林岛、西伯利亚）、菲律宾、印度尼西亚、泰国、印度、锡金、不丹、尼泊尔、欧洲、北美洲、南美洲、大洋洲。
在世界泥炭藓属植物中，本种为分布最广且较习见之种，C. Warnstorf （1911年）曾就本种植物中植株外观的不同色泽分为多个变种，又据其形体大小等之分化，分为多个变型，但据作者多年来对中国泥炭藓属的研究，尤以通过在我国南北各地多次野外考察，对本种大量活植物及干标本的对比研究，观察到色泽及大小的变化往往随生境而异，过渡类型甚多，若用于鉴定变种及变型则难于划分，故不足为据。但若从分布区之不同，以及植株外形、叶片及细胞形态的差异等等不同特征考虑，则明显可分为2个亚种。

《Flora of North America》|| Sphagnaceae || Sphagnum || Sphagnum palustre

8. Sphagnum palustre Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1106. 1753.

Sphagnum cymbifolium (Ehrhart) R. Hedwig

Plants moderate-sized to robust, strong-stemmed, lax to somewhat compact, capitulum somewhat flattened to more typically compact and rounded; green to golden brown to pale brown with often a pinkish tinge; carpets to more or less compact, low to moderate sized hummocks. Stems brown, superficial cortical cells with spiral reinforcing fibrils visible, usually 2-4 pores per cell, comb-fibrils lacking on interior wall. Stem leaves to 1.7 × 1 mm, occasionally longer; rarely hemiisophyllous; hyaline cells non-ornamented, nonseptate. Branches long and tapering, leaves ± imbricate to spreading in shade forms. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 2 pendent branches. Branch stems with hyaline cells non-ornamented; no or weak funnel-like projections on the interior end walls, often with 1 large pore per cell on superficial cell walls. Branch leaves broadly ovate, 2.2 × 1.3 mm, hyaline cells non-ornamented, convex surface with elliptic pores along the commissures, chlorophyllous cells isosceles-triangular to ovate-triangular in transverse section and just enclosed to just exposed on the convex surface; end wall not thickened. Sexual condition dioicous. Capsule with numerous pseudostomata. Spores 24-33 µm, surface finely papillose to smooth, distal surface with distinct bifurcated Y-mark sculpture; proximal laesura more than 0.6 spore radius.

Capsules mature mid to late summer. Widespread in forested fens and poor to rich sedge fens; low to moderate elevations; B.C., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Ala., Ark., Calif., Conn., Del., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis.; Europe; Pacific Islands.

Sphagnum palustre may occur elsewhere than listed above, but the taxonomy is unclear. In some open-grown situations, it may have a reddish tinge and seem similar to S. magellanicum, but this is a pinkish red color rather than the purplish red of the latter. See discussions under 5. S. henryense and 9. S. papillosum for distinction from those species.

《Moss Flora of China》|| Sphagnaceae || Sphagnum || Sphagnum palustre

Sphagnum palustre ssp. palustre Linnaeus, Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 1106. 1753.

Sphagnum cymbifolium (Ehrh.) Hedw., Fundam. Musc. 2: 86. 1782. Sphagnum japonicum Warnst., Allg. Bot. Zeits. 1: 230. 1895. Sphagnum palustre ssp. cymbifolium Ehrh., Hannov. Mag. 18: 235. 1780. Sphagnum subbicolor Hampe, Flora 63: 440. 1880. Sphagnum sulphureum Warnst., Hedwigia 47: 77. 1907.

Plants grayish green to yellowish green, sometimes tinged with brownish or pale pinkish, in compact cushions. Stem cortex in 3–4 layers, hyaline cells fibrillose, each with 3–9 pores; central cylinder yellowish brown. Stem leaves 1.0–2.0 mm × 0.8–0.9 mm, oblong-ligulate, rounded at the apex, upper marginal cells hyaline, forming broad borders; hyaline cells usually not divided, rarely with fibrils and pores, frequently with membrane pleats. Branches in fascicles of 3–5, with 2–3 spreading branches. Branch leaves ca. 2.0 mm × 1.5–1.8 mm, imbricate, ovate-circular, cucullate-concave, dorsally roughened at the apex; hyaline cells rhomboidal, often with large, rounded, unringed, central pores, few pores in the corners on the ventral surface, with half-round, ringed pores along commissural rows and a few pores at the opposite corners on the dorsal surface; green cells in cross section narrowly triangular or trapezoidal, enclosed by hyaline cells, exposed more broadly on the ventral surface or slightly exposed on the dorsal surface. Dioicous; antheridial branches yellowish or pale pinkish. Perichaetial leaves broadly ovate, ca. 5.0 mm × 2.5–3.0 mm, borders narrowly differentiated, fibrillose and porose in the upper portion, with all hyaline cells in the middle near the leaf base, without fibrils and pores. Spores yellowish, 28–33 µm in diameter.

Type. Europe.

Chinese specimens examined: ANHUI: Huang Shan (Mt.), P.-C. Chen 7395 (KUN), D.-K. Li 2306 (KUN), S.-E. Liu & B.-Q. Zhong 2753 (KUN, PE), M. Zang 22 (KUN). FUJIAN: Yan-ping Co., X.-X. Zhong 3048 (PE); Wuyi Shan (Mt.), P.-C. Chen et al. 383, 969 (KUN). GUANGDONG: Dinghu Shan (Mt.), C. Gao 8272 (KUN), B.-H. Liang 88263 (KUN), S.-E. Liu 6728 (KUN); Ping-shi Co., S.-Q. Chen 677 (KUN); Ren-hua Co., L. Deng 7619 (KUN). GUIZHOU: Guiyang, C. Gao & S.-Z. Wang 40157 (IFSBH, MO); Longchang Pref., S.-M. Deng I-524, A-23 (KUN). HEILONGJIANG: Wuying, Y.-C. Zhu 6313 (KUN); Xiao Xing An Ling (Lesser Khingan Mt.), C. Gao 8, 153 (IFSBH, KUN). HUNAN: Wu-gang Co., T. Cao & X. Fu 42532 (IFSBH, MO), Handel-Mazzetti 12530 (H). JIANGXI: Lu Shan (Mt.), M. Zang 2 (KUN, MO); Nanchang City, M.-X. Gong 555 (KUN), P.-C. Chen 55 (KUN), X.-J. Li 18 (KUN). JILIN: Fu-song Co., Y.-L. Zhang 654 (KUN, PE). LIAONING: Wu-shun Co., Z.-G. Wang 654 (KUN). SICHUAN: Emei Shan (Mt.), Sichuan Univ. Biol. Dept. 10002a (PE). TAIWAN: Tai-zhong Co., M.-J. Lai 909 (KUN). XIZANG: Mo-tou Co., Y.-G. Su 1064 (KUN), 3813 (KUN, MO). YUNNAN: Da-guan Co., X.-J. Li 4185, 4335 (KUN); Gong-shan Co., M. Zang 753 (KUN); Jing-dong Co., W.-X. Xu 118, 5410 (KUN); Xin-ping Co., Q.-A. Wu 6191 (KUN), 6192 (KUN, MO); Yang-bi Co., M. Zang 84001 (KUN); Yi-liang Co., S.-K, Chen 78-13 (KUN), X.-J. Li 4398 (KUN), 4458 (KUN, MO), F.-Y. Liu 7801 (KUN), X. Zhou 5218 (KUN); Zhen-xiong Co., S.-G. Wu 4604 (KUN, MO). ZHEJIANG: Hengzhou City, P.-C. Chen et al. 6039 (KUN), D.-K. Li 5618, 8593 (KUN, SHM), R.-L. Hong 248, 1680 (b) (KUN), C.-Q. Liu 363 (KUN), S.-E. Liu 6731 (KUN), P.-C. Wu 520 (KUN); Sui-chang Co., Z.-L. Liu 363, 1793 (KUN, SHM).

Habitat: in bogs, on wet grassland or ground under forests; also on rocks and humic soil near streams; Distribution: China, Himalayas, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Japan, Russia, Europe, North and South America, Australia, and New Zealand.

This is a variable and widely distributed species. Warnstorf (1911) recognized a number of varieties and forms based on variation in plant colors and sizes. However, we found that plant sizes and colors vary greatly depending on habitats, and numerous intermediate forms existed from Chinese populations. It is often difficult to make a clear distinction among different varieties. In China two subspecies can be recognized, based on different shapes of the green cells from branch leaves and a clear distinction of their distribution.

Illustrations: C. Gao (ed.) 1994 (Pl. 14, figs. 1–8).

《Moss Flora of China》|| Sphagnaceae || Sphagnum || Sphagnum palustre

Sphagnum palustre ssp. pseudocymbifolium (C. Müll.) A. Eddy, Bull. Brit. Mus. Bot. 5(7): 376. 1977; Sphagnum pseudocymbifolium C. Müll., Linnaea 38: 547. 1874.

泥炭藓密枝亚种

Sphagnum assamicum C. Müll., Flora 70: 411. 1887. Sphagnum siamense Dix., J. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl. 9: 3. 1933.

This subspecies is separated from Sphagnum palustre ssp. palustre by having different formation of the chlorocysts of the branch leaves. In cross section, the green cells of ssp. pseudocymbifolium are equilateral-triangular, similar to those of S. imbricatum, while those of ssp. palustre are narrowly isosceles-triangular or trapezoidal. In China, Sphagnum palustre ssp. pseudocymbifolium is known only from the areas south of the Yangtze River, predominantly in southwestern China in the high plateau and in southeastern Himalayan regions. In contrast, Sphagnum palustre ssp. palustre has much wider distribution, reaching northeastern China.

Type. India: Sikkim, J. D. Hooker 1289.

Chinese specimens examined: ANHUI: Huang Shan (Mt.), R.-L. Hu 43, 44 (KSNU, KUN), M. Zang 21 (KUN). FUJIAN: Wuyi Shan (Mt.), P.-C. Chen et al. 383 (KUN), 969 (KUN, MO), D.-K. Li 12048 (KUN, SHM). GUANGDONG: Dinghu Shan (Mt.), Nanjing Agr. Coll. 6631 (KUN). GUIZHOU: Lei-shan Co., R.-L. Zhao 14(j) (KUN). JIANGXI: Lu Shan (Mt.), P.-C. Chen et al. 5 (KUN). SICHUAN: Emei Shan (Mt.), P.-C. Chen 5579 (KUN), Z.-H. Hu 76002 (KUN); Shi-mian Co., Q. Li 748 (KUN). XIZANG: Lin-zhi Co., M. Zang 2054 (KUN); Mo-tou Co., Y.-G. Su 3822 (KUN), 5005 (KUN, MO). YUNNAN: between Lan-cang-jiang and Jin-sha-jiang, Handel-Mazzetti 7912 (H); Da-guan Co., H-.G. Guo 236 (KUN); Gong-shan Co., M. Zang 823, 834 (KUN), J-H. Yun & Q.-W. Wang 36518 (PE); Kunming City, W.-X. Xu 50 (KUN); Li-jiang Co., G.-M. Feng 9447 (KUN, MO); Wen-shan Co., Q.-A. Wu 3956 (KUN). ZHEJIANG: Hengzhou City, C.-H. Gao 7691 (KUN, SHM), R.-L. Hu 62 (KUN), P.-C. Wu 540 (KUN, PE); Sui-chang Co., Z.-L. Liu 31604 (KUN); Tian-tai Shan (Mt.), P.-J. Qiu 45 (HSNU, KUN).

Habitat: on grasslands near streams, in bogs and on wet grounds under forests or Rhododendron brush; Distribution: China, Bhutan, Nepal, India, and Thailand.

Illustrations: Pl. 8, figs. 4–7.