《中国植物志》|| 荨麻科 URTICACEAE ||欧荨麻系 Ser. Urentes (Gelt.) C. J. Chen ||欧荨麻 Urtica urens L.

2.欧荨麻（东北草本植物志）图版1：4
Urtica urens L. Sp. Pl. 984. 1753; Wedd. Monogr. Urtic. 58, t. 1, c, fig. 12-13. 1856, et in DC. Prodr. 16 (1): 40. 1869; Kom. et Alis. Key Pl. Far East. Reg. URSS 1: 446. 1931; A. Jarmolenko in Kom. Fl. URSS 5: 387. 1936; 东北草本植物志2: 14. 1959; C. J. Chen in Bull. Bot. Res. (Harbin) 3 (2): 110. 1983.
一年生草本。茎高10-60厘米，上部多叶，四棱形，节间较密，下部节间距4 7厘 米，上部的1-3厘米，生稍密的刺毛和稀疏的短柔毛，有短的分枝或基部有长的分枝。 叶椭圆形，有时卵形或倒卵形，长1.2-6厘米，先端钝圆，基部宽楔形或圆形，边缘有 6-11枚锐牙齿，两面除疏生刺毛外近于无毛，钟乳体细点状，在上面尤为明显，基出脉 5条，其下面一对伸达近中部，上面一对伸达近先端，各对与其相邻的二级脉网结；叶柄 长1-2.5厘米，疏生刺毛和短柔毛；托叶很小，每节4枚，离生，狭三角形，长1-2.5 毫米，有缘毛。雌雄花混生于同一花序，雄花少数生于花序上部，花序几乎无梗，近穗 状，长0.5-2厘米，有时缩短成簇生状；雄花具短梗，在芽时直径约1.2毫米，开放后 径约2毫米；花被片4，合生至中下部，裂片卵形，外面疏生细糙毛；退化雌蕊近漏斗状， 薄而透明；雌花具梗，梗上部有关节。瘦果卵形，稍压扁，长约0.8毫米，熟时灰褐色， 表面除边缘光滑外有多数细疣点；宿存花被片在近基部合生，内面二枚与果同形、等大， 外面中肋上常有1根刺毛，边缘疏生微糙毛，中央近无毛，但疏布点状钟乳体，外面二 枚很小卵形，较内面的短约5倍。花期5-7月，果期8-9月。
产西藏南部、青海、新疆（阿尔泰地区）和辽宁（千山）。生于海拔2 800-2 900米 （辽宁不详）林缘路边或住宅旁。欧洲、亚洲西部、高加索、西伯利亚和非洲北部广为分 布。
茎皮纤维可作纺织原料；嫩茎叶可作野菜食用。
C. H. Wright (1899)和H. Handel-Mazzetti (1929)曾记载我国浙江宁波也产本 种植物，但我们未见到采自该地区的标本，如有则可能为随人传播。我们还见到来自爪 哇的本种标本，也可能属此情况。

《Flora of China》|| Urticaceae || Urtica ||欧荨麻 Urtica urens

3. Urtica urens Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 984. 1753.

欧荨麻 ou qian ma

Herbs annual. Stems branched, 10-60 cm tall, sparsely puberulent and somewhat densely armed with stinging hairs; lower internodes 4-7 cm, upper internodes 1-3 cm. Stipules free, narrowly triangular, 1-2.5 mm, ciliate; petiole 1-2.5 cm, puberulent, sparsely armed with stinging hairs; leaf blade broadly elliptic, sometimes ovate or obovate, 1.2-6 × 0.6-3 cm, 5-veined, often subglabrous except for sparse stinging hairs on both surfaces, base broadly cuneate or rounded, margin 6-11-dentate, apex obtuse-rounded; cystoliths punctiform, distinct adaxially. Inflorescences containing proximal female flowers and distal male flowers, spicate, 0.5-2.5 cm. Male flowers short pedicellate, in bud ca. 1.2 mm; perianth lobes connate 1/2 of length, puberulent. Female flowers: perianth lobes connate at base, dorsal-ventral lobes ovate, equaling achene, often with 1 stinging hair on dorsal rib, sparsely setulose along margin, lateral lobes ovate, ca. 5 times as small as others. Achene brownish gray, ovoid, compressed, 0.8 mm, verrucose, invested by persistent perianth lobes. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Aug-Sep.

Forest margins, roadsides, near villages; 500-1000 m in N China, 2800-2900 m in SW China. Liaoning, Qinghai, Xinjiang (Altay region), S Xizang [Africa, Asia, Europe, very widely distributed in temperate regions and tropical highlands].

Wright (in 1899) and Handel-Mazzetti (in 1929) reported this species from Zhejiang, in SE China; however, we have seen no material from there. If present in Zhejiang, the plants must be naturalized.

《Flora of North America》|| Urticaceae || Urtica || Urtica urens

4. Urtica urens Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 984. 1753.

Dog nettle, burning nettle

Herbs , annual, with taproot, 1-8 dm. Stems simple or branched, erect. Leaf blades elliptic to broadly elliptic, widest near middle, 1.8-9 × 1.2-4.5 cm, base cuneate, margins coarsely serrate, serrations often with lateral lobes, apex acute; cystoliths rounded. Inflorescences spikelike or paniculate. Flowers unisexual, staminate and pistillate in same inflorescence, subsessile to short-pedunculate. Pistillate flowers: outer tepals ovate, 0.5-0.7 mm, inner tepals broadly ovate, 0.6-0.9 × 1.2-1.4 mm. Achenes ovoid, 1.5-1.8 × 1.1-1.3 mm. 2 n = 24, 26.

Flowering spring-summer. Waste places, roadsides, pastures, barnyards, cultivated fields, rich woodlands; 0-700 m; introduced; Greenland; St. Pierre and Miquelon; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon; Ala., Alaska, Ariz., Calif., Conn., Fla., Ill., Iowa, Maine, Mass., Mich., Mo., Nev., N.H., N.Mex., N.Y., Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tex., Vt., Wash.; Eurasia.

Within the flora, Urtica urens is most abundant in California and in eastern Canada. The Shuswap used it medicinally for sweatbaths and for pain from rheumatism (D. E. Moerman 1986).