《中国植物志》|| 大戟科 EUPHORBIACEAE ||蓖麻属 Ricinus L. ||蓖麻 Ricinus communis L.

1.蓖麻〔唐本草〕
Ricinus communis L. Sp. Pl. 1007. 1753; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 307. 1861; Forb. et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26: 443. 1894; Pax et Hoffm. in Engl. Pflanzenr. 68 (IV. 147. XI) : 119. f. 29. 1919; 广州植物志279,图143. 1956; 中国高等植物图鉴2, 606, 图2942. 1972.
一年生粗壮草本或草质灌木，高达5米；小枝、叶和花序通常被白霜，茎多液汁。叶轮廓近圆形，长和宽达40厘米或更大，掌状7-11裂，裂缺几达中部，裂片卵状长圆形或披针形，顶端急尖或渐尖，边缘具锯齿；掌状脉7-11条。网脉明显；叶柄粗壮，中空，长可达40厘米，顶端具2枚盘状腺体，基部具盘状腺体；托叶长三角形，长2-3厘米，早落。总状花序或圆锥花序，长15-30厘米或更长；苞片阔三角形，膜质，早落；雄花：花萼裂片卵状三角形，长7-10毫米；雄蕊束众多；雌花：萼片卵状披针形，长5-8毫米，凋落；子房卵状，直径约5毫米，密生软刺或无刺，花柱红色，长约4毫米，顶部2裂，密生乳头状突起。蒴果卵球形或近球形，长1.5-2.5厘米，果皮具软刺或平滑；种子椭圆形，微扁平，长8-18毫米，平滑，斑纹淡褐色或灰白色；种阜大。花期几全年或6-9月（栽培）。
原产地可能在非洲东北部的肯尼亚或索马里；现广布于全世界热带地区或栽培于热带至温暖带各国。我国作油脂作物栽培的为一年生草本；华南和西南地区，海拔20-500米（云南海拔2 300米）村旁疏林或河流两岸冲积地常有逸为野生，呈多年生灌木。本种的栽培品种多，依茎、叶呈红色或绿色，果具软刺或无，种子的大小和斑纹颜色等区分。
蓖麻油在工业上用途广，在医药上作缓泻剂；种子含蓖麻毒蛋白(ricin)及蓖麻碱 (ricinine)，若误食种子过量（小孩2-7粒，成人约20粒）后，将导致中毒死亡

《云南植物志》|| 大戟科 Euphorbiaceae ||蓖麻属 Ricinus L. ||蓖麻 Ricinus communis Linn.

1. 蓖麻（唐本草）图版44: 3-6
Ricinus communis Linn. (1753); Benth. (1861); Forb. et Hemsl. (1894); Pax et Hoffm. in Engl. (1919)*; 广州植物志 (1956)*; 图鉴 (1972)*; 中国植物志 (1996); Govaerts, Frodin et Radcl.-Sm. (2000).
一年生粗壮草本或草质灌木，高达5米。小枝、叶和花序通常被白霜，茎多液汁。叶轮廓近圆形，长和宽达40厘米或更大，掌状7-11裂，裂缺几达中部，裂片卵状长圆形或披针形，先端急尖或渐尖，边缘具锯齿；掌状脉7-11条，网脉明显；叶柄粗壮，中空，长可达40厘米，顶端具2枚盘状腺体，基部具盘状腺体；托叶长三角形，长2-3厘米，早落。总状花序或圆锥花序，长15-30厘米或更长；苞片阔三角形，膜质，早落；雄花：花萼裂片卵状三角形，长7-10毫米；雄蕊束众多；雌花：萼片卵状披针形，长5-8毫米，凋落；子房卵状，直径约5毫米，密生软刺或无刺，花柱红色，长约4毫米，顶部2裂，密生乳头状突起。蒴果卵球形或近球形，长1.5-2.5厘米，果皮具软刺或平滑；种子椭圆形，微扁平，长8-18毫米，平滑，斑纹淡褐色或灰白色；种阜大。花期几全年。
原产地可能在非洲肯尼亚或索马里；现广布于世界热带地区或栽培于热带至温带地区。我国大部分省区有栽培。云南各处海拔2300米以下均有栽培或逸生。
蓖麻油在工业上用途广；在医药上做轻泻剂。种子含蓖麻毒蛋白（ricin）及蓖麻碱（ricinine），若误食种子过量（小孩2-7粒，成人约20粒），即会导致中毒死亡。

《Flora of North America》|| Euphorbiaceae || || Ricinus communis

1. Ricinus communis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1007. 1753.
[F I W]

Plants 1–4[–5+] m. Stems erect. Leaves: stipules 2–3 cm, connate, leaving conspicuous scar around stem; petiole 10–55 cm, with (0–)1–3 cuplike glands on proximal adaxial surface, 2 glands at apex adaxially; blade circular in outline, 15–50 cm diam., base peltate, marginal teeth gland-tipped, laminar glands scattered on adaxial surface, lobes 7–12, lanceolate or oblanceolate, increasing in size apically, apex narrowly acute to acuminate. Inflorescences 6–30 cm, to 45 cm in fruit; bracts caducous except for 2 persistent glands. Pedicels: staminate 5–15 mm; pistillate 0.5–5 mm, elongating to 40 mm in fruit. Staminate flowers: calyx lobes ovate, 7–8 mm; stamen cluster ± spheric, 10–12 mm diam. Pistillate flowers: sepals ovate, 4–5 mm; ovary densely covered in slender-conic, bristle-tipped outgrowths; styles red or orange-red, 4–5 mm; stigmas distinctly spreading, papillose. Capsules dark red, echinate, subglobose, 1.5–2 cm diam. Seeds mottled brown, 8–11 mm, shiny. 2n = 20.

Flowering and fruiting summer–late fall. Waste ground, riverbanks, sand and gravel bars, ravines, margins of cultivated fields, roadsides, along railways; 0–700 m; introduced; Ala., Ariz., Ark., Calif., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., Mo., Tex.; Africa; introduced also in Mexico, West Indies, Bermuda, Central America, South America, Eurasia, Atlantic Islands, Indian Ocean Islands, Pacific Islands, Australia.

Ricinus communis, native to northeastern Africa, is cultivated as an ornamental throughout subtropical and temperate North America and is naturalized in the southern United States. It has been reported throughout the eastern United States as far north as Michigan and New Hampshire, and north to Utah and Kansas farther west, but appears to be a nonpersisting garden escape that is only adventive and not naturalized in these areas. In Missouri, it is considered to be naturalized (and uncommon) only in the extreme southeastern corner. Plants are shrubs in tropical and subtropical regions and very large annual herbs in cooler regions. Numerous horticultural cultivars exist, including some with dark red stems and leaves that are commonly planted in North America.

All plant parts are poisonous due to the water soluble protein ricin. In tropical regions (mainly Brazil and India), the species is widely cultivated for its seed oil. Castor oil, derived from the seeds (highly refined oil does not contain ricin), is used in cosmetics, medicines, paints, plastics, and lubricants. The use of castor oil in traditional medicine dates at least from ancient Egyptian times. Castor oil is used worldwide for a variety of medicinal purposes, most commonly as a laxative and for skin ailments. In North America, it was formerly commonly given to children as a general cure-all for internal ailments.

《Flora of China》|| Euphorbiaceae || Ricinus ||蓖麻 Ricinus communis

1. Ricinus communis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1007. 1753.

蓖麻 bi ma

Herbs erect, often single-stemmed but sometimes bushlike or treelike, 2-5(-10) m tall; younger parts glaucous, whole plant often reddish or purplish. Stipules connate, 2-3 cm; petiole 20-40 cm; leaf blade palmately 7-11-lobed, 30-50(-100) × 30-50(-100) cm, margin serrate. Inflorescence to 30 cm. Male flowers: pedicels 5-17 mm; calyx lobes 5-8 × 3-5 mm; stamens 7-8 mm. Female flowers: pedicels 5-10 mm; sepals ca. 5 mm; styles 2-5 mm. Fruiting pedicel to 45 mm; capsule ellipsoid or ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm, echinate, spines to ca. 5 mm, sometimes smooth. Seed 7-12 mm, grayish, silvery, or beige with darker markings; caruncle depressed-conical, 2-3 mm wide. Fl. Jun-Sep, or Jan-Dec.

Cultivated, ruderal weed, sometimes naturalized in riverbeds; below 100-500(-2300) m. Throughout China [cultivated worldwide].

The seeds yield castor oil, used medicinally and as an industrial lubricant. The seeds are highly toxic.