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The fate of the herbicide propanil in plants of the littoral zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), China

Authors Chen, Zhongli; Schaffer, Andreas

Journal JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES , OCT 1 2016,:48

DOI 10.1016/j.jes.2016.01.026 PubMed 27745669

Abstract The anti-seasonal hydrology with 30 m water fluctuations in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) of China attracts growing environmental and ecological concerns. We investigated the biotransformation of the herbicide propanil in plants dominating in the littoral zone of the TGR by applying the C-14-ring-labeled herbicide into non-aseptic hydroponic plant systems (Cynodon dactylon, Nelumbo nucifera and Bidens pilosa), aseptic plants (Lemna minor and Lemna gibba) and cell suspension cultures (C. dactylon and L. minor). (1) Propanil absorbed in plants of the hydroponic systems was (12.46 +/- 1.63)% of applied radioactivity (AR) (C. dactylon), (52.36 +/- 6.38)% (N. nucifera) and (76.55 +/- 6.07)% (B. pilosa), respectively. The C-14-residues in the plant extractable fractions and the corresponding media were confirmed by radio-Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), radio-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography-Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry (GC-EIMS) as propanil, 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA) and N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine (Glu-DCA). (2) About 8% of AR was taken up by both aseptic plants, from which 7.0% of AR was extracted and identified also as propanil, DCA and Glu-DCA. (3) Concerning cell suspension cultures, (39.22 +/- 9.39)% of AR was absorbed by C. dactylon after 72 hr, whereas the accumulated C-14-propanil by L. minor cell suspension culture amounted to (65.04 +/- 1.72)% after 7 days. The identified compounds in cell cultures are consistent with those in the tested plants. Most of the pesticide residues in the intact plants were un-extractable, which are recognized as the end of the detoxification process. We therefore consider these plants as suitable for the phytoremediation of the herbicide propanil in the TGR region. (C) 2016 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Species covered 莲 Nelumbo nucifera 鬼针草 Bidens pilosa 浮萍 Lemna minor 狗牙根 Cynodon dactylon